Journal Article Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Article Critique - Assignment Example o establish whether the authors arrived at a valid conclusion given the elements of research that were used (participants, methods, measurement principles, and secondary sources of information). The participants of the study were composed of 101 employees of a Korean construction company and a quantitative method of research was used to validate the hypotheses that were noted (Raile, Kim, Choi, Serota, & Lee, 2008). The hypotheses were clearly stated as each measure of centrality was being determined in terms of its link to job satisfaction in the Korean workplace. This is therefore consistent with Keyton’s (2006) discussion on assessing hypotheses (Chapter 3). Further, as the variables were clearly established, a regression analysis effectively validated the significant relationships to the chosen variables, as computed and revealed in the results. As also required, issues of reliability and validity, as discussed by Keyton (2006) were noted and resolved. A discussion on limitations of the study clearly noted lack of sample and data for workplace friendship networks within the Korean setting. Therefore, as recommended, future research could address the limitations b y increasing the sample size and by applying the study in other work setting using diverse cultural orientations. The authors validly arrived at a conclusive evidence that there is a link between closeness and job satisfaction using the components of quantitative method effectively with verifiable and credible

Psychology and Personality Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Personality Essay The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional trait perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology. Personality Paper Personality is connected with Darwins Theory of Evolution. It generally explains why there are personality differences between individuals.[ Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2011).] Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences ones expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.[ Winnie, J.F. Gittinger, J.W. (1973)][ Krauskopf, C.J. Saunders, D.R, (1994)] There is still no universal consensus on the definition of personality in psychology. Gordon Allport described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional trait perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology. Perspectives of Personality Many of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality theorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions they hold. The study of personality is not a purely empirical discipline, as it brings in elements of art, science, and philosophy to draw general conclusions. Freedom versus determinism This idea seeks to answer whether humans have control over their own behavior and understand the motives behind it or our behavior is causally determined by forces beyond our control. Behavior is categorized as being unconscious, environmental, or biological by various theories. [Engler, Barbara (2008)]. Heredity versus environment Personality is thought to be determined largely by genetics and biology, by environment and experiences, or by some combination resulting thereof. Contemporary research suggests that most personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment. One of the forerunners in this arena is C. Robert Cloninger, who pioneered the Temperament and Character model.[ Engler, Barbara (2008).] Uniqueness versus universality This is the argument discussing the extent of each humans individuality Uniqueness or similarity in nature Universality. Gordon Allport, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers were all advocates of the uniqueness of individuals. Behaviorists and cognitive theorists, in contrast, emphasize the importance of universal principles, such as reinforcement and self-efficacy.[ Engler, Barbara (2008).] Optimistic versus pessimistic Personality theories differ with regard to whether humans are integral in the changing of their own personalities. Theories that place a great deal of emphasis on learning are often more optimistic than those that do not. [Engler, Barbara (2008)]. Three Theories of Personality Development The study of personality is based on the essential insight that all people are similar in some ways, yet different in others.[ Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F. (1997).] There have been many different definitions of personality proposed. However, many contemporary psychologists agree on the following definition: Personality is that pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations. [Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F. (1997)]. Trait theories According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, personality traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Theorists generally assume that a) traits are relatively stable over time, b) traits differ among individuals, and c) traits influence behavior. They consistently are used in order to help define people as a whole. Traits are relatively constant; they do not usually change. Traits are also bipolar; they vary along a continuum between one extreme and the other (e.g. friendly vs. unfriendly).[ Feist, Jess Feist, Gregory J. (2009).] Behaviorist theories Behaviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. The approaches used to analyze the behavioral aspect of personality are known as behavioral theories or learning-conditioning theories. These approaches were a radical shift away from Freudian philosophy. One of the major tenets of this concentration of personality psychology is a strong emphasis on scientific thinking and experimentation. Humanistic theories Humanistic psychology emphasizes that people have free will and that this plays an active role in determining how they behave. Humanistic therapy typically relies on the client for information of the past and its effect on the present, therefore the client dictates the type of guidance the therapist may initiate. This allows for an individualized approach to therapy. Personality Tests There are two major types of personality tests, projective and objective. Projective tests assume personality is primarily unconscious and assess an individual by how he or she responds to an ambiguous stimulus, such as an ink blot. Projective tests have been in use for about 60 years and continue to be used today. Objective tests assume personality is consciously accessible and measure it by self-report questionnaires. Research on psychological assessment has generally found objective tests are more valid and reliable than projective tests. Critics have pointed to the Forer effect to suggest some of these appear to be more accurate and discriminating than they really are. Issues within Testing Issues with these tests include, false reporting because there is no way to tell if an individual is answering a question honestly or accurately. Conclusion There are many theories on how a person develops a certain type of personality. A person’s personality is what defines them in all aspects of their life. People believe that you are molded into what you are today, but theories have proven that some people lead by example and some learn by example. If anyone is curious as to what type of personality they have, there are my types of assessments available to take that can tell you.

The Elderly in the Workplace :: Psychology, Civil Rights Act

While Industrial and Organizational Psychology can be traced back almost to the very beginning of psychology, it did not truly become the science that it is today until 1964 (Landy & Conte, 2010). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was â€Å"federal legislation that prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin† (Landy & Conte, 2010, p. 22). The Act, which made a great impact on the workplace, may not have been directly connected to I/O Psychology, but it appears to have ushered in the modernization of I/O Psychology (Landy & Conte, 2010). The first of many changes that occurred in I/O Psychology occurred in 1973 (Landy & Conte, 2010). It was then that the word organizational was added to the Industrial Psychology name to make it I/O Psychology (Landy & Conte, 2010). This change came about after it became apparent that it was just as beneficial to study group behavior rather than just individual behavior in the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2010). Our textbook says that the name was altered to stress that an individual who is part of an organization will be subject â€Å"to a common goal and a common set of operating procedures† (Landy & Conte, 2010, p. 23). The changing of the name may be one of the most blatant changes in I/O Psychology, but there were other changes as well. For instance, prior to the field being modernized, it placed great emphasis on mental ability tests (Landy & Conte, 2010). Currently, instead of being the main focus, they are now viewed as just being one of many things that are considered important to I/O Psychologists. A second example is that the individual branches of industrial psychology used to see themselves as separate entities and were perhaps competing rather than working together for the same goal (Landy & Conte, 2010). Luckily, the individual branches now see the importance of working together and have switched their views regarding work behavior and have now adopted a systems view (Landy & Conte, 2010). This changed outlook recognizes that there are multiple variables that impact the behavior that is seen at the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2010). One challenge that is affecting today’s workplace and that could be addressed by I/O Psychologists involves the elderly and the technology that seems to be constantly advancing. Elderly people are retiring at a later age than they did in the past, which can be connected to the economy as well as to other things.

Changes to the American Empire During 1790 to 1850

American imperium alteration from the 1790s to the 1850s The unusual struggle that split American life in the 1790s concentrated on conflicting position of the significance of the American Revolution and the manner its tradition could be developed into a new province. The profound misinterpretation of the 1790s inspired the growing in American political relations. Throughout revolution patriots anticipated and demanded all people give the support because it was the lone manner for the public good. Many Americans held that was a individual place to travel on this political issue It was unfortunate for John Adams to be the president during these disruptive times. He was a existent nationalist and deeply principled. It was during his term of office that by 1798 he and Federalist Congress had enacted many Torahs that adversely chopped off Americans civil autonomies. To Adams political critics were faithless oppositions of good authorities where he intensified domestic dictatorship under the leading Congress leaders. In so making he was utilizing his ain party in chairing control and as a agency to work the chauvinistic enthusiasm to his ain advantage. The difference that alienates our perceptual experience from those of Adams and his Federalist companions in the late 1790s unmaskings basic revolution of American political idea The philosophical alterations that started by Gallic Revolution had immense effects in France and many European states. It helped to alter American political relations get downing from mid 1790s. It had in the beginning receive overpowering support in the United States but it subsequently lets to divergent positions in America because of radicalization in 1792-1793 America grew and changed from 1750-1850 in all domains i.e. politically socially and economically. In societal and cultural alteration, art changed which was started by Hudson River school motion. American painters for the first clip started their manner, for case Thomas Cole, who gave the American its individuality by switching off from England manner of picture and gave more concentration on landscaping. Literature on the other manus changed whereby authors started prosecuting themselves on American subjects. During this clip the indigens were ill treated by the foreigners. Foreigners introduced remotion policy which forced the Native American move from their hereditary lands. This act was propelled passing of the Removal Act in 1830.Cherokees in 1838 were forced to travel 100s of stat mis from their places to settle in West of the Mississippi river. This motion was referred to â€Å"trial of tears† . Economic alterations took topographic point which majorly affected how America made money, how people earned a life, engineering and trade. In transit changed how goods were ferried from one topographic point to another. This was enabled due to the debut steamboats, canal edifice. Farmers earned more money due to faster and cheaper transportation of green goods to the markets. Progresss in engineering i.e. in of the telegraph by Samuel Morris improved communicating at big since messages could make the receiver in proceedingss unlike months. Invention of whirling Jenny by James Hargreaves changed the fabric industry immensely. Factories emerged ; the first successful mill in the US was started by Moses and Samuel Slater. The Factory was made up of Millss which spin yam. Slater bought the cognition from England where he was working. This aided the sprout of successful mill in America. The British fabric factory engineering brought to the U.S was upgraded by Francis Cabot. He combined b oth the turning of yarn and the weaving of apparels in one mill. It was started in Lowell Massachusetts in 1821. A Boston associate was formed by Lowell and outstanding business communities to finance the factory. As mills grew interchangeable parts and industrial rebellion thought came up. Eli Whitney came up with the idea. The chief docket was to utilize the machine to develop all parts likewise, therefore salvaging clip and money in the industry. This aided the rapid growing of the industrial revolution. As money changed therefore the alterations in foreign policy besides took topographic point. America changed from thought of isolation to neutrality. The chief end was to merchandise with all states and acquiring involved in developing them. The president at that clip was Monroe. President Monroe due to his concern about European states colonising South America ; he made a bold statement warning them to remain off from Latin America. Due to weak military the policy was difficult to continue but the backup of England came in ready to hand. The statement by President Monroe aided to determine the foreign policy for many old ages. American’s belief of manifest Destiny brought approximately political alterations. The belief stated that U.S had the authorization and duty to spread out ocean to ocean. They achieved this through sign language pacts, annexing and purchasing of land from Latin Americans. The Louisiana Purchase made in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson is a good illustration. He used $ 15 million on 800,000 square stat mis belongings which was about twice size of the U.S. Jefferson decided to look for adventurers to map and analyze wildlife. This occupation was given to Lewis and Clerk. American exceptionalism is an enterprise that America is fundamentally different from other states. This point of view has dominated American economic sciences, political relations and faith for many old ages. Several early settlers proclaimed themselves to be an component of a exclusive venture with plentiful natural wealth, equity of society and faiths. It was non up to the rebellion that exceptionalism took on unfastened political intensions. The oratory of the current democratic government was often connected with expansionist pressing. This aligned foreign policy which stood on the strong belief that to spread out American democracy was reciprocally right and ineluctable. American exceptionalism changed as they enlargement took topographic point. United State and its citizen perceive that they hold the particular topographic point on Earth, by offering opportunity and outlook for world, ensuing from an exceeding sense of balance of public and private benefit governed by legitimate rules that focused on single and economic autonomy. A high spot in the yesteryear of American Exceptionalism is the American rebellion. The ideas that shaped the American rebellion were eventful from a usage of republicanism that has been affected by the British mainstream. Thomas Paine’s general logic for the first point in clip articulated the strong belief that America was non an enlargement of Europe except a new district, a province of about illimitable prospective and opening that had over shined the Britain. These sentiments lay the rational footing for the extremist perceptual experience of American exceptionalism and were strongly attached to republicanism, t he perceptual experience that rule belonged to the citizens, non to a catching opinion category. Alexis de Tocqueville insisted the advanced environment of democratic system in America, in difference that it infused each characteristic of society and traditions, at a minute ( 1830s ) when societal equality was non in tendency anyplace else.

Geographic History of Henequen in Yucatan, Mexico Essay

In Yucatan, Mexico, one of the main considered exports has been henequen that can be obtained from the plant Agave Fourcroydes. The henequen fiber has become significant to the economic stand of Yucatan since this product has conceived intense demand by international importers, such as the United States, China, Europe, etc. According to Cook (1994), during 1990s, the production of henequen has surged to a total economic export of 150,000 tons annually. In fact, the main production of henequen originates mainly from the state of Yucatan Mexico (p. 29). The state of Yucatan, Mexico, has significantly obtained economic benefits from the exports made through these henequen fibers, such as rope, rigs, sacks, and raw forms. They are usually shipped within the proximity of Merida and other cores of henequen production (Patch, 1993 p. 206). The bloom of henequen during the nineteenth century has significantly boosted the economy of the state, especially considering that they are world’s main exported of this product. From the analysis of the blooms’ occurrence, significant characteristics that have been present in the topographical condition of the state caused this immense bloom and production. The geography and climate of Yucatan State have been considered unique and very much suitable to the growth of henequen. In addition, considering the trends of exports and demands during the early 1900s, the market needs have significantly affected the consumption of the product. However, as the late nineteenth century approaches, the decline in the henequen demand in the market due to various reasons, such as competition, discovery of alternative products and conversion of haciendas in Yucatan, has become significantly noticeable. In the study, the discussion gives emphasis on the chronological history of henequen exports from Yucatan, Mexico. The study starts with the analysis of henequen bloom during the early 1900s until its significant decline during the late 20th century. The study also provides important facts on henequen growth, export historical trends contribution of climate for its growth, and the history of its market decline. Discussion Geography of Yucatan The most evident characteristic of Yucatan Peninsula is the presence of limestone shelf from the eastern to western sections that surfaces above sea level. The limestone shelf of Yucatan is present even below the sea, which is very much evident in the eastern Caribbean side. The key to the growth of Yucatan henequen is the thin limestone soils present as one of the characteristics of their lands (Sauer, 1993 p. 178). The areas of Merida and Ticul comprise the flat plains of Yucatan abundant in limestone deposits. Viewing the areas 60 km south from Merida, vast plains of Yucatan limestone are very much evident and the river areas are flow under the soil. According to Greensfelder & Dogett (2006), the significant characteristic of limestone present in Yucatan is the porous feature, which enables storage of mineral deposits as well as water source. Such features are important in promoting the growth of henequen plants, since the limestone act as the primary nutrient banks of crop roots (p. 17). The borders of the Yucatan state involve the Campeche located in the southern portion, Quintana Roo in the southeastern portion, and the Gulf of Mexico in the north and western perspective. Throughout the peninsula, lakes called lagunas are very much evident and from here on, Yucatan has also utilized cenotes or the collapsed freshwater caverns in order to obtain their freshwater. Yucatan also has their limestone pools called chenes, which also acts as their freshwater storage since the water deposits are usually brought by the underground streams. From this variety of ecologic characteristics has aroused the vast variation of exotic flora and fauna that kept the survival of Mayan civilization present in the area (Perry, 2001 p. 9). Climatology of Yucatan The Yucatan climate entails humid temperatures from November to February, while the driest season progress from November to April. Yucatan climatology is usually tropical and hot temperature progresses in an annual scope. The average annual temperatures for the Mexican Caribbean is 78 degrees F or 25. 5 degrees C with significant deviations of 5 to 7 degrees F. During the day temperatures can push into the 80s and overnight temperatures can drop as low as the 50s and low 60s degree F. The coolest months in this region are the between December to February, where the average highs are from 74 to 76 degrees F (Page, 2005 p. 10). Analyzing one of the areas where henequen is prominently produced, Merida, which is tropical and humid, obtains the annual precipitation of about 1,050mm, which signifies to potential evapotransportation of 2,000 mm (Anton, 1996 p. 118). The climatic condition of wet and dry area has been beneficial to the industry of henequen growth since this plant tend to adapt to tropical and humid environment, which describes Yucatan peninsula as the perfect place. Added by Anton (1996), the precipitation rates present in the entire peninsula accounts to a variation of 500 mm near the northwestern shore to more than 1,300 mm in the northeastern (p. 118). The Yucatan climate has been viewed as one of the contributors for the plant’s intense growth. The Agave Fourcroydes (Henequen) The henequen plant is very similar to the usual African sisal; hence, it has acquired the name Yucatan Sisal. The Agave fourcroydes plant can be easily recognized through their leaves that have a prickly and grayish green color. The leaves are processed in the same fashion as sisal, while the strands are carefully cleansed and place under the sun to dry (Cook, 1984 p. 29). The henequen stalks can extend up to 2 meters long and 10 cm to 15 cm wide. The preferential disadvantage of this plant is the presence of thorns, which is also viewed as one of the primary reasons for the preference of consumer to African sisal since stalks their stalks are free from thorns. A cultivated henequen plant can yield about 25 leaves annually from the fifth to the 16th year after its planting. Most commonly, the henequen plant can survive and grow for seven years without intensive maintenance. In fact, with the favorable topographical condition of Yucatan, the henequen plant usually survives without being attended by farmers (Greensfelder and Doggett, 2003 p. 191). The process of extracting fiber from this plant involves the cutting of their leaves and, from the factories; they grind these until the fiber strands are revealed. The main use of henequen is for the binder twine in wheat harvesting. The advantage of henequen product over synthetic fibers is its resistance to marine life propagation, such as algae, barnacles, etc (Greensfelder and Doggett, 2003 p. 191).

Michael Phelps Coach Shares 3 Steps to Conquering Anything

Michael Phelps Coach Shares 3 Steps to Conquering Anything Ever wonder what sets peak performers apart from the rest of us? Or how it might be possible to reach that level of performance ourselves? Raw talent and intelligence are not enough. Here are the top 3 most important daily habits of champions, at least according to Olympic champion Michael Phelps’ coach–who certainly would know!1. Take Charge of Everything You Can ControlHaving a desire to be at the top of your field is one thing. But having a clear vision for what that looks like is another. There are so many variables in your career that you cannot control. What you can control is the process of doing what you need to do, i.e. getting into the pool every day and swimming fast, every single day, week, month, and year. Stay true to the journey, every step, and focus on the parts you have power over. You’ll be in a much stronger place to grasp your dreams when they come within reach.2.  Visualize Your Best SelfYou have to visualize yourself doing what you know y ou need to do to be the best. You have to do this every day. See yourself winning and achieving your goals. Don’t just fantasize, visualize. Run through your success in a variety of different scenarios with obstacles to overcome. Watch yourself winning. Your brain will get so used to that success, it will be that much more likely to help push you toward it when the time comes to perform. Form a strong mental picture of where you want to be in a year, and hold on tight. Your brain will help deliver opportunities to get you there.3. You Have to Put in the WorkHere’s the catch. You have to work hard. All the talent and drive and intelligence and mental preparedness in the world can’t get you where you want to go. Only hard work can. Practice practice practice. Michael Phelps practiced 365 days a year for 6 straight years to prepare for the Olympics. This is part of what programmed his brain and body for peak performance. Whatever your equivalent is- put in the time and effort. Run through that presentation not just one, but ten or a hundred more times before you give it.Working on these three daily habits won’t necessarily get you a record-breaking heap of Olympic medals, but it sure will help get you where you want to go. Find your equivalent and get to work.

Business Plan Essay Example

Business Plan Essay Example Business Plan Essay Business Plan Essay Business plays a vital role In the life and culture of countries. In todays society people are willing to assume the responsibility and the risk for a business operation with the expectation of making a profit. Most businesses develop a new product, a new market, or a new means of production. This report outlines the steps required in setting up a small Business In Antigen and Barbuda. As a guideline we came up with a business In which we would manufacture a commodity for sale locally and regionally. The name of our business is called Waddle Jam. By using this company it would give a clearer picture and understanding of the steps involved. The steps that are outlined in the report are as follows: Come up with a good business Idea Write a business plan (Approach lending Institution for funding) Decide on a winning name for your business Choose the form of business you are going to start Get a business License Register for taxes Prepare to have employees Buy other kinds of business Insurance Get your business records off to a good start There are different forms of business in todays society. The group company Waddle Jam is owned by four individuals therefore the form of business being used is partnership. In this form of business the owners generally decides on the product, acquires the facilities, and brings together the labor force, capital, and production materials. If the business succeeds, the partners reap the reward of profits: If It falls, all the partners take the loss. A business must acquire a business license before they can operate legally within their country. In Antigen business licenses are issued by the high court of Justice. Taxes are apart of every country, In Antigen a business must register to pay taxes. The Institutions that Issue these taxes are Medical Benefits scheme, Social Security and Inland Revenue. In most businesses employees are an essential part of the structure and development of the business. When starting a business you must prepare to have employees. Develop a method In which employees are hired. Each employee needs the skills and qualifications for the type of business you are operating. Operating a business. Getting business records off to a good start will make it easier to manage the accounting and payroll of the company. Business Idea Our business idea came from Mr Lucien Pilgrims love for Jams. He developed this craving from his childhood years when eating crackers and home made Jam at his randomnesss house. As he grew older he looked for that special taste in Jams at the supermarket. During his visits to several supermarkets he realized that there were more imported Jams being sold than Jams made with local fruits. He then decided to conduct a feasibility study about Jams being sold and manufactured locally. The results from his study showed that 10% of Jams on the market were made locally. On further investigation it was revealed that senior citizens made most of the local Jams. These are done on a small scale. The recipes from these Jams are not passed on to the younger generation. Mr Pilgrim then became very concerned that the recipes of the Jams he loved since childhood would soon be buried in the grave along with our ancestors. He then decided to start a business where he would keep the recipe and his culture alive. He approached five people from the community to develop his idea: Jonathan Gilles He supplied the fruit trees Recipes for the Jams Karee Ask Accounting and management skills Successful Business Lawyer Unaware Remain Marketing experience They were all interested in his idea and decided to invest by putting in shares into the business. ANALYSIS Company analysis: Our goal is to make a profit while marketing a product via the internet and also our focus is to produce the best tasting Jam there is on the market. We have developed a fully functional website that has enabled customers to view the various flavors of jams being offered. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS: of the hundred visitors we are expected to have 60% become customers, after viewing our products which expresses culture and heritage. Our value drivers would be cheaper price of products than our competitors and also a better delivery time. Our customer base will be made up of simplifiers which are people who are attracted y sites that make doing business easier, faster otherwise more efficient than is possible in the physical world. COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: Our competitor market position is their strength, whereby they already have a strong brand name. Their weakness would be delivery time because they are not located on the island. Our competitors control at least 60% of the market thus far. COLLABORATORS: The hosting site is bravest, they collaborate with the web designer in order for the website to be functional. S. W. O. T ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Staff with experience in accounting, marketing and management skills Practicing lawyer for twelve years Land with numerous fruit trees Entrepreneurial attributes such as commitment, determined perseverance and self confidence There are not many other businesses that sell locally. WEAKNESSES Lack of liquid cash to Finance start up cost Lack of established markets OPPORTUNITIES To be able to expand the Capital Consumers not having to go far to get the product Quality Jams THREATS Take a while to enter market since customer/ client relationship would have to be established for fixed deliveries There are several other local Jams being sold Natural elements such as hurricanes etc, animals such as birds, rodents may destroy ruts The company Waddle Jam main purpose for writing a business plan was to secure funding, such as bank loans. Scotia bank was approached by one of the partners to secure a loan for the company. Following is the information needed by the bank before a loan is granted to the company. You must have tangible security (collateral) in the form of cash or land. You must deposit 35% of the amount of the loan. The loan is paid on principal interest for no more than arrears. The interest rate is between 11-12%. After the loans officer and director of the bank review the requirements, 65% of the initial loan will then be granted to the company. A loan of $441 ,OHO. Price In order for our business to be successful we have to market our product effectively. We intend to sell our product wholesale and retail. Our aim is to decrease the mount of Jams that are imported into the country and replace those Jams with our product. The cost of our products is cheaper as they are locally made and there are easily transported to the various supermarkets. We want our Jams to be lunch snacks to children, on breakfast tables at hotels, restaurants and supermarket shelves and also sold to many tourists that enter the island. Eventually we hope to export our Jams to other countries. Our first target is to get our product into the major supermarkets and hotels. By our estimate this will be about 70% of the population of Antigen and Barbuda and about 0% of tourist. Meetings with prospective customers media advertisements and flyers would be the machinery put in place to market our Jams. As an introduction to our product we intend to give samples to shoppers and tourist at various hotels as an experiment on how effective the product is. Then we will record their general opinion and comparisons to the Jams they normally buy. We choose a location that is accessible to everyone. We are located at Coolidge Industrial Park. This location is away from the busy streets of the city traffic with easy access to the airport. Promotion After our product has been introduced into the market the next step is advertising. Because we have plans to eventually take our product regional we decided to advertise on a regional radio station along with local media. We have received a proposal from Family Radio which broadcast to eight other islands: Montmartre, Inguinal, Nevis, SST Skits, SST Marten, SST Martin, Saba, and SST Status. This is a very popular radio station around the Caribbean. They also have a worldwide audience on the web. In their proposal they are also offering us a banner space on their website which would lead them to our website www. Waddle]amaze. Bravest. Mom where they can view our products and contact information. Decide on a winning name for the business You would want a name that is memorable and is going to summarize what your business does for marketing purposes. The partners of the company did some brainstorming for a catchy name. They came up with the name Waddle Jam. The name Waddle symbolizes the heritage and our culture and Jams spelled J-A-M-Z represents the old techniques brought into the future. Together they signify the past and present. The form of business ownership used by Waddle Jams is partnership. Waddle Jams is under a general partnership agreement. Each of the four partners is Jointly and severally liable for the debts of the partnership. This means if the business suffers loss it is shared between partners however this means that as a partner you can be held responsible for any wrongful act or omission by other partners acting in the ordinary course of the firms business which can be a serious disadvantage. In contrast the most successful partnerships are those where the partners have complimentary talents and are comfortable sharing the decision-making. OBTAINING A BUSINESS LICENSE The company has to pay $100 for registration, and an additional $25 for a search to e done in the register to see if the trademark is registered. A local agent then has to file the paper work in regards to the companys trademark, then after about two days Trademark Licensing A trademark is a sign that that individualizes the goods of a given enterprise distinguishes them from the goods of its competitors. A trademark must be distinctive and it should not be deceptive. Patent The recipe for the Jams is passed to one of the owners of the company so getting patent rights will ensure that the company Waddle Jams is the only company using that recipe for the Jams. Register the business for Taxes Taxes that a company in Antigen pays for are: Medical Benefit (Payable to Director of Medical Benefit Antigen and Barbuda) Social Security (Payable to Director of Social Security Antigen and Barbuda) Educational Levy (Payable to Commissioner of Inland Revenue) Business Tax (Payable to Commissioner of Inland Revenue) Business Tax Medical Benefit Social Security Educational Levy Particulars 35% of Net Profit 3. 5% of Employees and Employers Salary 3% For Employee and 5% for Employer 2. 5% of Employees Salary salary over $5000 The amount of business tax paid to Inland Revenue differs depending on the form of Revenue in the table above is the deductions commissioned for a business operating as a partnership. The deductions made for business tax are payable on a yearly basis. A form is usually given to employers off business by these institutions to ensure the payments of taxes are made. Hiring Employees While starting a business-hiring employees may be the furthest thing from your mind but its amazing how quick a business can grow. A selected numbers of persons must be chosen with the necessary skills and qualifications needed to carry out the different tasks required to perform the functions of the company on a daily basis. We intend to hire at least 12 employees in the business preliminary stage. Following is a description of the type of staff our business requires: Manager Must have at least 5 years of management skills. Executive Secretary Must have at least 5 years experience in administration. Computer skills required. Floor Supervisor In charge of production, must have at least 1 5 years experience in manufacturing. Cooks Must be experience in pastry making etc. Stewards Must have 10 years experience in the related field. Driver/Delivery Person Must be an experienced licensed (85) heavy-duty equipment river. 5 Years) Cleaner Must have 5 years experience in the related field. Security Must have at least 7 years in the related field. Conclusion with the idea to start a business. The procedure in which one has to set up a business deals with a lot of planning, consulting for information and ideas. The most challenging part of doing this exercise is compiling the business plan. A lot of intell ectual power went into the business plan. Even though the project was challenging members of the community were very cooperative and patient in giving us all the necessary information.

How to Start an After School Club

How to Start an After School Club A childs education does not take place only in the classroom, during regular school hours. The home, the playground, and the school campus, in general, can all be invaluable settings for a childs personal and scholastic growth. One way to enhance a students school experience is through extracurricular activities such as clubs. At the elementary school level, some appropriate, enjoyable, and educationally beneficial themes might be: Creative WritingBooks and ReadingChess and Other Board GamesOutdoor SportsCollecting and Other HobbiesMusic, Drama, and ChorusArts and Crafts (knitting, drawing, etc.)Anything else that fits the interests of your schools population Or, consider starting a club about the latest fad (for example, Pokemon a few years ago). Even though these extremely popular fads can also be annoying to adults, theres no denying that they do inspire boundless passion in the imaginations of a wide range of children. Perhaps, a Pokemon club could involve creative writing, original games, books, and songs about those colorful little creatures. Surely such a club would be bursting with enthusiastic young members! Now, once youve decided on the topic, consider the technicalities of starting a new club on campus. Here are some things to consider once youve determined the type of club youd like to start at your elementary school campus: Get permission from the schools administration to start the club on campus. Also, designate the time, place, and supervising adult(s) for the club. Look for commitment and set it in stone, if possible.Determine the age group that would be included as members of the club. Perhaps kindergarteners are too young? Would sixth graders be too cool for the concept? Narrow down your target population, and youll simplify the process right off the bat.Take an informal survey of how many students might be interested. Maybe you could place a half-sheet of paper in the teachers mailboxes, asking them to take a show of hands in their classroom.Depending on the results of the informal survey, you might want to consider placing a limit on the number of members to be initially accepted to the club. Consider the number of adults that will be able to attend the meetings to supervise and help out consistently. Your club will fail to meet its objectives if there are too many kids to handle effectively. Speaking of objectives, what are yours? Why will your club exist and what will it set out to accomplish? You have two choices here: either you, as the adult facilitator, can determine the goals all on your own or, at the clubs first session, you can lead a discussion of club goals and use student input to list them.Design a permission slip to hand out to parents, as well as an application if you are having one. An after-school activity requires parent permission, so follow your schools rules to the letter on this topic.  Make a concrete plan for the first day and subsequent sessions, as possible. Its not worth holding a club meeting if it is disorganized and, as the adult supervisor, its your job to provide structure and direction. The number one principle in starting and coordinating a club at the elementary school level is to have fun! Give your students a positive and worthwhile first experience with extracurricular involvement. By creating a fun and functional school club, you will be setting your students on the path to a happy and fulfilled an academic career in middle school, high school, and beyond!

Gangs and the Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gangs and the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example As per the recent news even the cargo ships were robbed by gangs near the territories of Somalia and hence the subject and gang and criminal justice system is more prevalent under present circumstances. Gangs have been in existence for as long as there have been inhabitants of this world. The history of criminal gangs can be traced back to even the biblical times. Such gangs are a part of history for thousands of years and their roots run deep into America’s past and culture. â€Å"The birth of America’s gang problem can be traced to the dawn of the country, a time when many Europeans migrated to the East coast with the intent of making a better life. After arriving, their savings was quickly depleted and many were forced to take out loans with local merchants and colonization companies, who charged steep interest rates. Life for many was more difficult than they imagined and death due to poverty and disease was common. There were many who died orphaning their children. With no money to send the children back to their homeland and with no relatives to care for them in America was a common problem in many cities†. ((Jared L. A wide variety of historical gangs, such as the Muslim Assassins, Adam the Leper s gang, Indian Thugs, Chinese Triads, Japanese Yakuza, American Old West outlaw gangs and Italian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. Throughout the 19 th century, America was troubled with the gangs and gagsters like The James Gang, Billy the Kid, Irish gangs like the Whyos, Dead Rabbits, Plug Uglies, Jewish gangs like the Monk Eastman Gang, Five Points Gang etc. The Five Points Gang, led by Italian immigrant, Paolo Antonini Vaccarelli, was the most significant street gang to form in the United States, ever! The Five Points Gang became the Major League to many young street gangsters and a farm club for the Mafia. The most notorious recruit into the

Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Pollution - Essay Example The high altitude trees in the Rocky Mountains feel the impact of the air pollution emitted in Beijing, China. To determining the most rational approach to controlling air pollution, the worldviews of Environmental Wisdom and Planetary Management can help decide who has responsibility for the air we breath and what are the benchmarks for quality. Both worldviews rely on the tenet that our resources are valuable and require constant attention to provide sustainability and quality of life. However, they differ greatly on their approach, philosophy, and degree of optimism in technology. The Environmental Wisdom worldview takes the stance that the human race is a part of nature and must show an equal respect for all plants and animals in the world. Environmental Wisdom believes technology and economics are limited and there must be a sustainable cooperation with the earth to be able to sustain our resources. The Planetary Management worldview believes that man is the dominant life form on Earth and humans have a right to exploit the Earth's resources to assure their well being. Planetary Management has a high degree of optimism in both technology and economics. ... A major air pollutant that has been at the center of controversy are the CO2 emissions that come from burning fossil fuels. Environmental Wisdom believes that the Earth's fragile ecosystem is threatened by global warming and there is a need to curtail the use of this energy source. It has recently been reported that rising global temperatures have been responsible for the spread of the Asian Hornet which is known to destroy the hives of honeybees (Allen). Loss of the pollination done by honeybees could result in a 26 percent reduction in the US's available food supply (Young). Environmental Wisdom sees the need to reduce CO2 emissions and protect the habitat of the honeybee. The CO2 that is emitted in Beijing has a direct effect on the quality of food in the US. While we may be able to live with a short supply of copper, Environmental Wisdom contends that there is no substitute for quality air. Planetary Management advocates would view the problem of CO2 emissions as a temporary problem that will be solved by science. The air could be cleansed of excessive CO2 with new scientific discoveries and an economic stimulus to develop the technique. In fact, researchers are already developing a method to strip our the CO2 from the polluted air, liquefy it, and bury it underground (Haszeldine). This would allow man to continue to deplete the fossil fuel resources and manage the polluting by-products of its use. Planetary management would have less concern for the complex eco-systems, such as honeybees, that may be threatened or eradicated by global warming. These would simply be further challenges to our technology and inventiveness. In conclusion, all the people on the earth

Potential sheath removal issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Potential sheath removal issues - Assignment Example The blockage may be attributable to conditions including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and renal vascular hypertension. Carotid artery stenosis, venous narrowing and narrowing in dialysis fistula or grafts can also result in blockage. Patient preparation is essential. Medications, herbal supplements, recent illnesses, medical conditions and allergies should be well documented (Benson et al. 2005). This is because the procedure involves anaesthesia and iodine in the x-ray dye. Medication used especially blood thinners, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin should be reported. The procedure involves imaging using radiation. It is, therefore, essential that women be examined for pregnancy to minimize radiation exposure to the foetus. Before the procedure, patients are restricted to eat or drink except medication. The procedure involves the use of several equipment a balloon catheter, stent, sheath, wire guide and x-ray imaging equipment. The imaging procedure applies the principle of fluoroscopy to develop an angiograph (O’Grady 2002). During the procedure, the guide wire directs placement of the angioplasty balloon catheter and the vascular stent. The sheath is used for catheter exchanges during the procedure. A vascular tube is placed to allow catheter exchanges and is usually removed after the procedure by a nurse. The procedure is executed in an interventional radiology suite by an interventional radiologist. Seldinger technique is the preferred technique for percutaneous catheterization of the femoral artery. It is effective for both arterial and venous access. Although a radial approach is applicable, the femoral approach is the most preferred method. In this procedure, the ideal puncture site is the femoral artery (Berry 2004). The femoral stick is well located to avoid surgical complications. The puncture site is precisely selected to avoid complications associated with the surgical procedure.

Australian Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Constitution - Essay Example Justice M.D. Kirby (1997) succinctly highlights the difficulties in this manner: "I have elsewhere tried to point out that the Australian Constitution can be viewed as reflecting a struggle, which is still ongoing, between British and United States elements captured in its text." (The Honourable Justice M D Kirby AC CMG, 1997) "In 1992 in Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth the High Court struck down the Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991 (Cth) which restricted political advertising on the electronic media during Federal, State, Territory and local elections. In doing so, it recognized that the Australian Constitution contains an implied freedom to discuss political matters. This freedom was primarily derived from sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, which respectively provide that the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives 'shall be ... directly chosen by the people'. As federal laws passed under section 51 of the Constitution are passed 'subject to this Constitution', such laws are invalid if they infringe the implied freedom" (William, George (b); 1996-97). The reason for the High Court decision was clear. The 'implied freedom' took precedence over Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991. Or, the 'implied freedom' was implicitly clear while the written law was irrelevant. The Australian constitution does not guarantee freedom of speech. However, the court ruled in favor of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd quoting 'implied freedom'. The learned judge ruled on the merits of the case. Had he ruled on the basis of the written constitution, he would have ruled otherwise (William, George (b); 1996-97). The constitution is a powerful document. It is the overriding and supreme determinant. However, sometimes there are verdicts that appear to have little to do with the constitution. At times, they also appear to run counter to the constitution. Nonetheless, the judges are in better position to provide the ruling. The ruling reinforces what many believe that the Australian constitution is a little more than a legal document. In other words, the Australian constitution must be taken with a pinch of salt. Does this also mean that this constitution is inconsistent and has inadequacies No responsible judge will be expected to make such sweeping remarks. However, there could be a silent consensus on what the constitution ought to be (Justice and the Rule of Law). Disputes arise that demand a constitutional resolution. These disputes are handled by legal specialists and settled in the courts. But from time to time, controversies occur, drawing the country's attention to its constitution. These raise major national questions about whether acts of government or parliament, decisions or actions of officials are constitutional, that is, whether they are authorized by the ultimate source of law and power in Australia (Justice and the

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 90

Reflection - Essay Example He argues that all black people are forced to be painfully aware of the color of their skin. In fact, he holds that blacks are forced to perceive the whole world through the lens of their skin color. We regularly feel that the migrant story is one of a kind to individuals who have left their homes. However, for the speaker it has progressively turned into an account of individuals who have lost something vital to who they are and need to rehash themselves and choose who they are in the wake of that misfortune. The thought of an immigrant is an exceptionally political term for Mengestu. It does not exist as a genuine meaning of a sure collection of individuals. He recalls living in France for quite a long time and being called an expatriate, not an outsider. In fact, the speaker speaks a lot about the status of an â€Å"expat†. He states that it is amusing how one educated person is actually an expatriate in any country of the world, rather than an immigrant or even a refugee. The thought that one can just claim one space for oneself appears a tiny bit foolhardy, particularly given the outcomes of the diaspora: How we regularly live in more than one place nowadays, and the way that not very many of us have a solitary personality. Mengestu emphasizes that he loves the word â€Å"diaspora†, as it implies the meaning of an individual who has more than one cultural identity.

Australian Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Constitution - Essay Example Justice M.D. Kirby (1997) succinctly highlights the difficulties in this manner: "I have elsewhere tried to point out that the Australian Constitution can be viewed as reflecting a struggle, which is still ongoing, between British and United States elements captured in its text." (The Honourable Justice M D Kirby AC CMG, 1997) "In 1992 in Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth the High Court struck down the Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991 (Cth) which restricted political advertising on the electronic media during Federal, State, Territory and local elections. In doing so, it recognized that the Australian Constitution contains an implied freedom to discuss political matters. This freedom was primarily derived from sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, which respectively provide that the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives 'shall be ... directly chosen by the people'. As federal laws passed under section 51 of the Constitution are passed 'subject to this Constitution', such laws are invalid if they infringe the implied freedom" (William, George (b); 1996-97). The reason for the High Court decision was clear. The 'implied freedom' took precedence over Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991. Or, the 'implied freedom' was implicitly clear while the written law was irrelevant. The Australian constitution does not guarantee freedom of speech. However, the court ruled in favor of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd quoting 'implied freedom'. The learned judge ruled on the merits of the case. Had he ruled on the basis of the written constitution, he would have ruled otherwise (William, George (b); 1996-97). The constitution is a powerful document. It is the overriding and supreme determinant. However, sometimes there are verdicts that appear to have little to do with the constitution. At times, they also appear to run counter to the constitution. Nonetheless, the judges are in better position to provide the ruling. The ruling reinforces what many believe that the Australian constitution is a little more than a legal document. In other words, the Australian constitution must be taken with a pinch of salt. Does this also mean that this constitution is inconsistent and has inadequacies No responsible judge will be expected to make such sweeping remarks. However, there could be a silent consensus on what the constitution ought to be (Justice and the Rule of Law). Disputes arise that demand a constitutional resolution. These disputes are handled by legal specialists and settled in the courts. But from time to time, controversies occur, drawing the country's attention to its constitution. These raise major national questions about whether acts of government or parliament, decisions or actions of officials are constitutional, that is, whether they are authorized by the ultimate source of law and power in Australia (Justice and the

Sodium Chloride An Important Compound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sodium Chloride An Important Compound - Essay Example Moreover, it is also found in the ancient bedrock all over the planet in the form of thick layers in places where water bodies used to exist in the form of salt lakes and seas, all of which have evaporated millions of years ago. About 4,700 years ago, the Chinese Png-tzao-kan-mu, one of the earliest known writings, recorded more than 40 types of salt. Ancient civilizations have used salt as one of the vital supplements in diet, with archaeological evidence of Iron Age salt-making largely based upon the discovery of remnants of coarse pottery vessels and supporting pillars recognized as being connected with salt-making and known as briquettage. In Britain, lead salt pans were used by the Romans at Middlewich, Nantwich and Northwich and excavations at Middlewich and Nantwich have revealed extensive salt-making settlements. Moreover, writings on salt no doubt also existed on the clay tablets of Ancient Babylon and on Egyptian papyri. Even without written evidence we can be fairly certain that salt-making and use was a feature of life in all ancient communities. Considering it's chemical and physical properties, Sodium Chloride is usually found as a clear or whit

American Colonies and Separation from England Essay Example for Free

American Colonies and Separation from England Essay When settlers from England came to America, they envisioned a Utopia, where they would have a say in what the government can and cannot do. Before they could live in such a society they would have to take many small steps to break the hold England had on them. The settlers of America had to end a monarchy and start their own, unique, form of government. They also had to find a way that they would have some kind of decision making power. The most important change that the colonies in America had to make was to become a society quite different from that in England. By 1763 although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of church and state. During the mid-1600s England was a Christian dominated nation; the colonies, however, were mainly Puritans. When Sir Edmond Andros took over a Puritan church in Boston for Anglican worship, the Puritans believed this was done to break their power and authority. The Puritan church in New England was almost entirely separated from the state, except that they taxed the residents for the churchs support. The churches in New England had no temporal power, unlike the church of England. Many seaport towns like Marble head and Gloucester, became more religious as time pasted. This show of religious freedom was a way in which the colonies had religious toleration and differed from the Christian church in England. Unlike the well-defined social classes of England, the colonies had a streamline class structure, which gave individuals the chance to rise on the social latter. New settlers living on the coast could become rich by fishing and selling what they caught. If fishing was not a settlers strong point, then they could try their hand at farming. Getting the land to farm on was the easy part. The head right system gave each male 50 acres, and 50 acres to each indentured servant he might bring over. England could not do this because England so defined the social classes and they did not have enough land that they could give to every male and his indentured servant. In a similar economic revolution, the colonies out grew their mercantile relationship with England and developed their own expanding capitalist  system. The idea of a set amount of wealth in the world and that if one were to become wealthy, he or she had to take from someone who is already wealthy, is basically what mercantilism means. The colonies did not believe this idea in America. They believed that no matter who you were, if you had a good idea for making money you could do so, and without having to take it from someone else. This capitalistic spirit made many men very prosperous, unlike England who tried to force colonial ships to stop at England before they deliver their cargo. This would take money from the colonists and put it in the pockets of England. However, it did not work because the colonies figured out ways to make the raw materials on their ships into useable goods at the colonies themselves instead of at England. The colonies broadened the notion of liberty and self-government far beyond what England had ever envisioned. Through the years certain anomalies occurred, as colonial governments furthered themselves from the government of England. The governors of the colonies got power and certain prerogatives that the King had lost; the assembly of a colony got powers, particularly with respect to appointments, which Parliament had yet to gain. England was too preoccupied by the struggle between Parliament and Stuart Kings, to perfect effective imperial control over the colonies in America. The separation from England by the colonies in America took many years, but ultimately gave the colonists a real sense of freedom. Through small steps like, capitalism, self-government, and a fluid class structure, the colonies slowly, but surely, gained their independence from England. These changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure illustrate this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans.

Controversial Issues In The Industry Fashion Essay

Controversial Issues In The Industry Fashion Essay Fashion industry is always the topic that draws attention of every people of us at anywhere and anytime. Everyone becomes so familiar with fashion that he or she thinks that fashion is just simply a fashionable and sophisticated style. However, life in a modern community is far more controlled by fashion industry than many people realize; it affects not only clothing, but almost every aspects of our daily life. When many people think of the fashion industry, they often think of the association of four main areas such as: retail, manufacture, design and advertising. They are the four areas that cause not a little damage on our society and environment. Personally, I used to have a very simple and common conception about fashion industry that is merely clothing sales. However, after reading the newspapers and investigating thoroughly about the fashion industry, I was completely taken aback by the opposite sides of it in Australia and other countries. As a result, I came to focus on the effects of fashion industry on society and our environment. I determined my three objectives: How does fashion industry influence on teenagers body image? What are the facts about sweatshops behind the leading designer labels and are sweatshops exploiting or helping outworkers? Is the trend of the fur fashion industry in Australia and other countries ethical or not? (226 words) Section B: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS I. Objective 1: To find out how fashion industry influences young women body image In fact, fashion industry is such a negative exertion on teenagers standard of beauty that it is now becoming an unsolved dilemma for our society. Sarah Murdoch, the representative of Bonds underwear, is of the opinion that fashion industry encourages unhealthy body images (Dunkerley, 2008) that is thought to be impractical and unhealthy for most women and girls. The fact that most designers prefer to choose thin models than big size ones (Bolger, 2007) shows us an astonishing phenomena that there are a lot of clothes from size 0 to size 4 displayed not only in the fashion shows but also on the sale markets because they think that there will be stigma attached when doing something for plus-size people (Stevens, 2010). Naomi Crafti representing for Eating Disorder Victoria thinks that teenagers are becoming obsessed with the very skinny models on the catwalk in the fashion shows (Stevens, 2010) which gradually leads to the issues relating to eating disorders, mental health and the impact of negative body image on young people (Stevens, 2010). Moreover, the figures of the News Editor show us a startling 75000 cases of 15-35 year-old British women suffering from eating disorder due to being sick of looking like cat models (Cooke 2000, pp 3). It is the evidence that append the controversy over the use of extremely thin models in fashion industry because it reduces the self-esteem of those who do not have ideal bodies and makes them besotted to strive to look exactly like catwalk models. The only way for them to do that is becoming anorexia that will certainly cause suffer drastic weight loss and premature ageing (Cooke 2000, pp. 3). As a result, The Federal Government has supported for the voluntary development of new code of body image from the fashion industry to curtail the situations of teenagers suffering from body image pressures immediately (Kennedy, 2010). Otherwise, there will be widespread unhealthy body images of teens with jutting bones and no breasts of hips in order to fit in dolls clothes in our society seriously (The Sunday Telegraph, 2009). Clearly, the growing obsession with being thin like catwalk is highlighting the risk of young women health and the rise in serious eating disorders. (370 words) II. Objective 2: To discover the facts about sweatshops behind the designer labels and whether they are exploiting workers or not. Fashion industry is thought to abuse workers. Workers in sweatshops have to work frantically in unacceptable working conditions, poor salaries and inhumane treatment. In Australia and other countries, it is reported that the use of outworkers by fashion industry in order to get more profit from cheap labours has been increasing significantly (Sheppard, pp. 20). Through the investigation of the Sunday Telegraph into Sydneys Sweatshop (The Sunday Telegraph, 2009), many uncomfortable facts are clearly discovered that behind some leading designer labels are the sweat and blood of poor workers. Nicola Finetti, Natashan Gan and Ginger Smart are the labels containing 30% Chinese and 70% Vietnamese outworkers who are usually paid between $10 and $35 when completing an article of clothing which will later sold in stores for at least 10 times the price (The Sunday Telegraph, 2009). Yet, workers interviewed for researches indicated that conditions had worsened worse in the past few years. A shortage of work all over the world has left them to have no other choices but to continue the job with poor conditions. One group working in the finishing department of Venus Knitwear in the research of Working Women organisation said they had to work long hours from 7 am until 11 pm (Oxfam 2003) and were even also threatened to be sacked if they refused to do overtime. In addition, many workers have to suffer health issues and may be dismissed for taking time off to see doctors or to recover from sickness. An interviewed worker was said to be deducted two days pay because of being absent one day to go to the doctor (Oxfam 2003). Some also reveals that they had to work in dim light and in condition with no proper ventilation system which had caused headaches, eyes, asthma and respiratory problems (Oxfam 2003). Finally, it is an urgent need that sweat-free labels must be highly appreciated by the manufacturers and consumers in order to create a fair work fair pay environment and to stop exploiting workers rather than practicing fashion industry motto: Winning Profits, Losing Rights (Oxfam 2004, pp. 28). (349 words) III. Objective 3: To consider the trend of the fur fashion industry in Australia and other countries and to see whether it is ethical or not. Fashion industry with talented designers has provided sale markets and consumers with a diversity of fashionable styles to meet the high requirements of our modern life. Furry fashion is now one of the styles coming back with more appealing appearance because of the popular use of real fur (Pepper 2010). Basically, the fur fashion trend was emerged at the Millenniums catwalk showed in Paris with the muttering that fur was definitely back in designers repertories (Cooke 2000, pp.13). Developments in fake fur technology (Cooke 2000, pp. 13) are thought to be partly a possible reason for the return of real fur. Perth label Harmony Lawson which produces garments made only of real fur said that her collections with rabbit and racoon fur have been proved to catch on most women and men and made the markets to desire it crazily (Pepper 2010). In the French designers fall 2008 collection, the models were all covered with wild furs which is embedded with tails, ears, noses and even teeth (ABC, 2008). Also, the fact that racoon, rabbit and fox fur were found in the winter collections of 4 Australian designers last year adds to the controversy about the increasing use of fur in fashion (CCF, 2010). However, a lot of people think that fur fashion trend stinks. It is no longer tolerable when designers have turned back in using real fur for their collections. ADI Chief Executive Creamer said that fashion industry has determined to close their eyes and hearts to the truth about fur production (CCF, 2010). The facts about ripped skin from rabbits bodies and fur taken off from possum, fox, mink, karakul (CCF, 2010) are believed to be inhumane and make those who support for choose cruelty free feel disgusted. Therefore, a lot of campaigns have shown their strong objection to fur fashion industry. Typical example is the top models got naked to encourage the anti-fur campaigns in fashion industry because the unnecessary killing those beautiful animals for coats are cruel and terrible (Cooke 2000, pp. 13). Giving publicity to outrageous collections will make them more successful but fashion industry is hoped to stop all the suffering of millions of animals as soon as possible (Cooke 2000, pp. 13). (371 words)

martin luther king junior :: essays research papers

"One of the world's best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Martin Luther King, Jr. synthesized ideas drawn from many differentcultural traditions." (Carson 1). However, these protest strategies onlyfurthered racial segregation, resulting in the eventual death of King. Michael King, who was later known as Martin Luther King, Jr. was born January 15, 1929, at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. His roots were in the African-American Baptist church. After his junior year at Morehouse College, Benjamin Mays influenced him to become a minister, the president of Morehouse College. (Smith 1). He studied theologies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he earned a doctorate in systematic theologies in 1955. (Carson 1). While he was completing his Ph. D. requirements, Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to return to the south. He became the pastor of Dextor Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. (Smith 2). Five days after Rosa Parks refused to obey the city's rules concerning bus segregation, African-American residents of Montgomery, Alabama launched a bus boycott. They elected Martin Luther King, Jr. as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. (Phillips 3). King received national prominence as the boycott continued, due to his personal courage and exceptional oratical skills. (Carson 2). On charges on conspiracy, Martin Luther King, they bombed Jr.'s house, and they arrested him along with other boycott leaders. (Mark 3). Despite these actions taken against the boycott, Montgomery buses were desegregated in December of 1956. The Supreme Court had declared Alabama's laws of segregation unconstitutional. During 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African-American ministers established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the organization, King emphasized the importance of African- American voting rights. (Phillips 5). King published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. In 1959, he toured India to increase his knowledge and understanding of Gandhian non-violent strategies. By the end of that year, King relinquished the pastorate of Dextor, and returned to Atlanta, where the Southern Christian Leadership Conference headquarters was located. (Carson 2). Martin Luther King, Jr. did not arrange any mass protest activities during the first five years to follow the Montgomery bus boycott. While King was cautious, southern, African-American college students took the initiative, launching many sit-in protests during the winter and spring of 1960. (Itory 3). Conflicts between Martin Luther King, Jr. and the younger protestors were evident when the Southern Christian Leadership Conference assisted the Albany Movement's campaign both of mass protest during December of 1961 and during the summer of 1962. (Phillips 2). In 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr. and his staff guided mass demonstrations

California Budget

California Budget Crisis Rozlyn Brown Comm/215 BSDC0TEBB5 Michele Watson ? Poor money management of the State of California has caused people to suffer. The global recession has caused California and many other states to plummet. In the Los Angeles Times California deficit is said to be $25. 4 billion according to the states chief analyst. The state of California has taken drastic measure to fix this problem. Fixing the problem includes layoffs of 4,500 state/government employees, furlough, minimum wage, and cutting of many state funded programs.Fifty days into this fiscal year, there still not a budget signed and in place. At this time they are not able to come up with an agreement. This has been a very difficult time for all Californians. California needs to balance the budget correctly. The answer to fixing the budget is not hurting the agencies that have help the state rather than hurt them. On December19, 2008 the Department of Personnel Administration was ordered to start layof fs for civil service employees. That would take effect January 1, 2009 through June 1, 2009.They were also ordered to implement a furlough program. A furlough is unpaid time off given to government employees for the purpose of reducing the state’s budget. Arnold Schwarzenegger adopted a furlough program that would affect 200,000 civil service employees starting February 2009. This program would make all state employees work two days a month free. When the results were still the same the two days a month quickly went to three days. The three days became effective July 1, 2009 that would continue until June 30, 2009.Those three days caused a 14% pay cut for employees. That caused a problem within itself. Everyone suffered due to the furloughs. Homes, cars, businesses, were lost. The state believes that furloughs would help save the state a great deal of money. According to the IVN furloughs has been costing the state $465 million in lost tax revenue. The state has reported to h ave saved three billion dollars due to the furlough program. State employees dispute the states claims. This rogram has caused government operations to close the second, third, and fourth, Friday of each month to save money beginning August 10, 2010. Everyone is not affected by this program. California Highway Patrol, California Department of Fire, and Forestry Protection, Franchise Tax Board, Board of Equalization, Employment Development Department, state Insurance Fund, California Housing Finance, and California Earthquake Authority are departments that are exempt from the furlough program. Bargaining units 12, 16, 18, and 19 have all came to agreements with proposal that have been made.Those not exempt or in bargaining unit that are pending contract the state controller stated he would have to reduce civil service employees’ wages to federal minimum wage which, is $7. 25 per hour. As a state employee working at Patton State Hospital as a Psychiatric Technician, I am part o f bargaining unit 18. Bargaining unit 18 is one of the few units pending the government contract proposal. Although the proposal is in place the government still has the authority and still continuing with the furlough program.To this day state employees have been furloughed a total of 46 days. In a 24 hour facility it is impossible to take any furlough days off. Due to that reason alone a number of unions have sued to have the furlough program stopped. The Supreme Court has upheld governor Schwarzenegger’s furlough program to stay in place. Legislation are pushing the unions to accept the contract proposal that member would accept contributions more of their salaries toward pension benefits and to take a day of unpaid personal leave a month which, will equal a 10% pay cut.Fifty days into this fiscal year the State Controller John Chang stated he would issue IOU’s if the budget is not signed soon. At this time money state workers are suffering due to the governmentâ₠¬â„¢s poor money management. California will not be on track until the people managing the money figures out a way to manage the money properly.References Los Angeles Times, November 10, 2010 Retrieved from www. latimes. com Christopher A. Guzman, IVN, February 16, 2010 Retrieved from www. caivn. org Wake County Budget Finance, Retrieved from www. wakegov. com/economy/glossary

Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is an old pattern, dating back to twelvemonth 1935 when Bill W, experienced a reawakening in religious footings taking him on a way of recovery from the ironss of alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Since that clip, many other people with alcoholic dependences have attributed the same sort of alleviation to this ideal motion. AA is referred as a religious family by its subsequent members. However, it is new to many, and they hardly understand the mechanisms, which underlie the construct of recovery ( George, 2005 ) . The spiritualty proof, an puzzling term, must apparently be based on physiological and psychological findings. An initial component of this paper is supplying a definition of spiritualty in empirical footings as done by AA Services ( 2002 ) stating that it is â€Å" that which develops in people some intent and significance in life. † This definition was amplified by indicating out that spiritualty as a human facet can be achieved â€Å" with engagement in a faith ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It can every bit good be much broader than this, for case belief in naturalism, rationalism, God, household, humanitarianism, and humanistic disciplines. † The usage of such a term with this intension is of recent beginning. Anthropologists surprisingly have applied the word â€Å" religious † on many other concrete spiritual facets and shamanic pattern ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The current use of the same is apprehensible to hold derived ideally from legion beginnings, some of them specific to tendencies go oning late in American civilization at least apparent over the past century ( George, 2005 ) . Credence of this construct on orientation to oecumenic faith has led to an credence of the fact that the ritual pattern formalities may be less of relevancy than the values, which legion spiritual denominations hold. Acceptance of these bases of patterns for case speculation and complementary medical specialty has brought in another dimension to the construct. The AA outgrowth as a personal transmutation potent vehicle has besides been committed and vastly influential, as it brings in the term spiritualty to the spotlight of the mental wellness professionals every bit good as the general populace ( AA Services, 2002 ) . All these leads to acceptance by the populace of the several spiritually doctrines and pattern used in back uping the recovery from an unwellness, which have emerged outside of the cardinal sphere of biomedicine. Most psychiatric modes associate with a remarkable mechanism. Physiological research argues that spiritualty may be critical to the healing of legion upsets ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Persons hiting higher on personality traits that relate to religious transcendency have been seen as holding characteristic activity in peculiar serotonergic encephalon sites, which suggest single physiological differences in response to religious attention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The close relation between dream symbolism and symb olic idea is apparent from the activation of peculiar encephalon centres and inactivation of others, proposing an association between nervous map and religious metaphor. Response to the societal context of transition to the spirit may besides be related to neurophysiologic map ( George, 2005 ) . A individual in a diverse societal scene where a spiritually oriented position is present with strength may be influenced and follow that position ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Bill ‘s experience at the origin of AA, where he was â€Å" caught up in the ideal rapture which there is deficiencies words to depict, † can non be researched with easiness. On the same note, bordering the methods to analyze the function of AA on recovery of alcohol addiction is hard. Twelve-step families need namelessness of their member ( George, 2005 ) . They are besides oriented toward the members ‘ primacy of their demands beyond research aims, which research workers might suggest. Because of such demands, legion result surveies and researches on recovery through AA tie to followup on patients take parting in professionally based intervention and go toing AA meetings. Uncontrolled appraisals utilizing the Twelve-Step â€Å" Minnesota Model † for residential rehabilitation in a long-run facet in a professionally directed puting show promising consequences, nevertheless, one important survey that relates to AA-based recovery stands out due to its deducti on to experimental controls and randomisation ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A large-scale National Institute on Alcoholism rating was carried out utilizing the long-run followup. It showed clearly that Twelve-Step Facilitation, a grounded mode in design to advance AA attending, at least was every bit effectual as cognitive, and motivational techniques ( both of which in development were from through empirical observation grounded theoretical accounts of research ) , and it was extremely effectual than the techniques in developing long-run abstention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Twelve-Step Facilitation, hence, has been a professionally based intercession, and AA application is a peer-led family. However, this result highlights the relevancy of farther controlled research on the 12-step plans engagement ( George, 2005 ) . Professional intervention of maltreatment of substance impaired doctors on the same note, offers an penetration into AA ‘s value, with the fact that long-run abstention has critical public wellness deductions for the habit-forming populatio n. A sample of doctors, antecedently holding abused substances and abstainer for at least two old ages, in AA-based intervention antecedently, reported 12-step rank as the chief ground for the long-run recovery they achieved every bit good as the abstention ( George, 2005 ) . In add-on, in a sample of 101 doctors indiscriminately selected in a group of those monitored by a doctors ‘ , found that 97 per centum of the 1 who antecedently had been in a 12-step plan further engaged in the plan in the monitoring period ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Research on the spiritualty function in the recovery procedure separate from professional direction has been through empirical observation modeled, and the dealingss between AA engagement and the result have been a topic of concern ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In any instance, no uncertainty prevails to the fact that rank in AA ; characteristically seen to tie in with its religious foundation now has been used by 1000000s of people enduring depend ences and they all recognition plan for their recovery ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The 12-step experience develops a sense of communality, and this is different from the running conventional institutional context. It is, hence, the ground why this solidarity hails every bit critical to the plan ‘s religious nature ( George, 2005 ) . The family ‘s orientation ideally to common support facilitates a shared sense of single reclamation formalizing the behavioural demand of entire recovery and abstention known as keeping abstention. For nuts, the orientation to common support besides sustains the construction and unity of AA as a motion ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Substance-impaired doctors have established a strong, supportive web via AA-related Caduceus groups in AA ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The clinical benefit of AA ‘s plan has been in presentation in the controlled researches on enhanced result in intervention plans, on lowered demand for professi onal staffing in outpatient rehabilitation, and on intervention of dependence with psychiatric attention for persons with double diagnosings ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Surveies suggest that legion patients have a religious life sing their religious wellness every bit good as physical wellness as momentous, every bit good. On the other manus, people may keep greater religious demands in times of unwellness. A reappraisal of published surveies, systematic reappraisals, capable reappraisals and meta-analyses, analyzing the association between spiritualty and physical, health-related life, wellness and spiritual engagement, mental wellness, and other wellness results indicated that spiritualty and spiritual engagement associate with better wellness results, which includes get bying accomplishments, health-related life quality and greater length of service ( even in the event of terminal unwellness ) and depression, self-destruction and less anxiousness ( George, 2005 ) . Several surveies show that turn toing the demands of the patient particularly the religious 1s enhance recovery from certain unwellnesss. Acknowledging, back uping and spoting the reli gious patients ‘ demands can be done in a straightforward mode ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Conversely, when people consult doctors in finding the intervention and cause of an unwellness, they at times may besides seek seeking replies to some inquiries that medical scientific discipline do non supply an reply for illustration, â€Å" Why an unwellness happens to a peculiar person? † legion patients rely on a religious model every bit good as spiritual beliefs naming on religious or spiritual attention suppliers to give them replies to the several inquiries ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, over the old ages in history, spiritualty and faith and the medical pattern have been intertwined. Because of this, many faiths embrace the attention of the ill as a primary mission, and legion universes ‘ taking establishments of medical specialty have religious or spiritual roots ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Therefore, the twelve-step plan has been unusually celebrated and serves as one of the most supported attacks in handling alcohol addiction ( George, 2005 ) . The twelve-step plan is a set of rules that guide a patient. The plan outlines a class of action to be of usage in the recovery from irresistible impulse, unnatural behavioural jobs or an dependence. The plan was originally developed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . It was ab initio a method of recovery for patients enduring alcohol addiction. The Twelve Steps foremost came to be published in a book â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism in 1939 ( AA Services, 2002 ) † . The method so came to be adopted ; going the foundation of the ideal twelve-step plans developed subsequently for case Cocaine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Co-Dependents Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous and Overeaters Anonymous ( AA Services, 2005 ) . As the American Psychological Association summarizes, the procedure is all about: aˆ? Admiting the fact that one can non is non under control of his or her dependence or irresistible impulse ; aˆ? Acknowledging a power, which is greater and that can supply strength aˆ? Examining past mistakes utilizing he aid of a patron aˆ? Making amendments to the several mistakes aˆ? Learning how to populate a new and better life with a freshly developed behaviour aˆ? Helping other people enduring from the same irresistible impulses or dependences The Twelve-step methods ideally have been celebrated adopted in turn toing a assortment of substance maltreatment and other jobs associating to dependence. Over 200 organisations known as families with a planetary rank and holding 1000000s employ the twelve-step rules in their recovery procedure. Narcotics Anonymous formation was by nuts who did non hold extended dealingss to the intoxicant dependence particulars. Similar penchants associating to the nuts ‘ drug of pick besides led to the start of Cocaine Anonymous, Pills Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous and the Crystal Meth Anonymous ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Behavioral issues for case irresistible impulse for, and/or dependence to, sex, billboard, gaming, nutrient and work are besides under reference in legion other families for case as Overeaters Anonymous, Workaholics Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous, Sexual Compulsives Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous. Auxiliary groups for case Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for household members of nuts and alkies, are portion of a response in usage to the intervention of dependence as a disease, which is enabled by household systems ( George, 2005 ) . The Twelve Traditions besides accompany the new and adept Twelve Steps. The Traditions give guidelines for single, group administration ( AA Services, 2005 ) . They were started in AA in assisting with the declaration of struggles in the Fieldss of fundss, promotion, and faith. Most twelve-step families adopted the developed rules for their administration ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The Twelve Traditions of AA include: aˆ? Our public assistance should be foremost ; personal recovery is dependent upon the AA integrity aˆ? For the group intent, there is merely one ultimate authorization, which is a loving God. Leaderships are merely sure retainers and do non regulate aˆ? The lone demand for AA rank is a strong single desire to halt imbibing aˆ? Each group must be independent except in issues that affect other groups or AA aˆ? Each group has a individual and primary intent, which is transporting its message to the agony alky aˆ? An AA group should ne'er finance, impart or back the AA name to any endeavor, lest issues of prestigiousness, money, and belongings diverts us from the chief intent aˆ? Every AA group should be to the full self-supporting, and diminutions outside parts aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous must stay non-professional forever. However, the service centres can or may every bit good employ distinguishable workers aˆ? AA, hence, must ne'er be organized ; but can make commissions or service boards responsible to those they serve straight aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous do non hold an sentiment on some outside issues ; hence, the AA name must ne'er be presented in public contention aˆ? The public dealingss policy footing on attractive force and non publicity ; we required to keep personal namelessness ever at the degree of movies, imperativeness, and wireless aˆ? Anonymity is the foundation of all the traditions, of all time maintaining usage to remind and put rules in front of personalities ( AA Services, 2005 ) . In the twelve-step plan, the construction of worlds is symbolically represented in dimensions including religious, physical, and mental ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The jobs the person, groups trade with are known to attest themselves in several dimensions. For alkies, the ideal physical dimension is described best by the allergy-like reaction in the organic structure, which consequences in the irresistible impulse to utilizing substances after the preliminary usage ( George, 2005 ) . For single groups non related to maltreatment of substance, the physical manifestation is more varied with elements such as distractibility, compulsive billboard, eating upsets, hyperactivity, hypomania, dysfunctional enabling, insomnia, deficiency of motive, crossness, passion, panic onslaughts, indolence, psychosomatic unwellnesss, cunctation, self-injury, hapless impulse control, and suicide efforts. The statement in the initial Measure that the individual is â€Å" powerless † over the substance-a buse that relates to behavior at issue connotes the deficiency of control over the single irresistible impulse prevailing for long despite any negative effects, which may be endured ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The mental compulsion in the description is the cognitive procedures, which causes the individual to reiterate the behaviour after some clip abstaining ; either cognizing that the ulterior consequence will be a developed inability to halt or run under the interior psychotic belief that the consequence ideally will be changing. The description in the initial Step of the life of the individual enduring from alcohol addiction or nut as â€Å" unwieldy † , connotes the deficiency of pick that the single head of the nut affords sing whether to utilize once more ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The religious dimension unwellness, comparatively known as â€Å" religious malady, † is considered in the several twelve-step single groups to be self-centeredness. The theoretical account is non intended to be explained scientifically, it is merely an single position that twelve-step plan discovery utile ( George, 2005 ) . The procedure of working the plan stairss is intended to wholly replace egoism with a turning willingness for selflessness, moral consciousness and unselfish constructive action ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In twelve-step groups, it is referred to as a spiritual experience or comparatively, religious waking up ( AA Services, 2005 ) . This should non be mistaken with catharsis, bring forthing dramatic alterations. In twelve-step families, the construct of â€Å" religious waking up † is inferred as developing, most often over a long period. It is suggested that single members on a regular basis attend meetings joined by other members who portion their recovery job. In conformity with the initial Step, twelve-step groups make accent on self-admission by single members of the job they intend to retrieve from ( AA Services, 2005 ) . It is in this spirit that single members identify themselves frequently along with their job admittance for case â€Å" Hi, I ‘m Mike and I ‘m an nut. † Such catch phrases widely associate with such support groups usually. Some meetings are popular as dual-identity groups promoting attending from peculiar demographics ( George, 2005 ) . Some countries have, for case, work forces ‘s groups ; homosexuals, sapphic, adult females ‘s groups ; and transgendered groups. There are besides in some, novice ‘s groups and â€Å" old-timer † groups restricting who portions, or speaks in these meeting, by the length of clip each member has in that family ( AA Servi ces, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous is, hence, ranked high in its effectivity. It is known to be one of the largest of the established twelve-step plans ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . The Narcotics Anonymous comes 2nd with the twelve-step members who recover from dependence coming from drugs or intoxicant ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The bulk of plans, nevertheless, combat the unwellnesss and non the dependence. For case, the 3rd twelve-step plan, known as Al-Anon, assists members of a household of nuts and alkies ( George, 2005 ) . About 20 per centum of plans engage in dependence recovery, the staying 80 per centum address several of jobs stretching from debt to depression ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It would be an tremendous mistake presuming the effectivity of twelve-step attacks at handling jobs because they are certainly effectual. From its critics, Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is merely a placebo, non even able to vie with more effectual interventions. They besides refer it as a unsafe cult. For its protagonists AA having the Lasker Award ( America ‘s highest award in the medical field for advancement ) is adequate to warrant the procedure. George ( 2005 ) argues that because detoxified alcoholic persons relapse often, the psychological professions as good those from medical do non hold an outstanding record in the handling of alcohol addiction. Over the long-run, many of what has been in pattern to handle alcohol addiction professionally is what can be termed as a placebo ( AA Services, 2005 ) . On the first note, remedy from dependence of all sort does non come via psychodynamic penetration. In a survey of Harvard work forces done late, 26 alkies received 5000 hours of psychotherapeutics, with an norm of 200 hours per adult male. Merely a individual adult male recovered from alcohol addiction. Life-saving detoxification is besides non effectual for long in managing alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . As Mark Twain quipped, ‘I found discontinuing smoking so easily after making it 20 times ‘ . This is the same for alcohol addiction. Indeed, long-run researches show that waiting for intervention ( a pla cebo therapy signifier ) is every bit effectual as the detoxification attack. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy is non peculiarly efficient since it works less good. Linda and Mark ‘s surveies of developing alkies and assisting them return to command imbibing [ 8 ] became celebrated globally for old ages until patients in their survey were followed after a 10-year grade and found as still fared no better than the research controls. In the last 20 old ages, there are two drugs holding made clinicians in the field of alcohol addiction hopeful including naltrexone and acamprosate ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . However, many surveies indicate that they are merely successful in the short term footing. Conversely, with 15 old ages holding passed, the long-run researches that could turn out the efficaciousness of the several interventions are still undone ( George, 2005 ) . The grounds for the professional therapy failure in forestalling the eventual backsliding, and, hence, changing the natural alcohol addiction history, are two times. First, there is a clasp that drug dependence in human existences ne'er rest in our cerebral mantle. The clasp of dependence of any sort on the human heads lies in the reptilian encephalon. The clasp emanates from regular, cellular alterations in mesencephalon karyon for case the superior tegmentum and karyon accumbens ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, the malleability loss of neural response in the two centres renders abstinence unachievable and holds down the self-control. Therefore, you can understand why the drug does non assist and why AA comes in as a better replacement ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The 2nd ground that frequently professional intervention f ails in forestalling the backsliding in alcohol addiction is similar to the backsliding in diabetes. Change in the clinical class in diabetes and alcohol addiction is merely accomplishable by backsliding bar ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Lady Macbeth ‘s a long helping doctor quotes ‘Therein the single patient is responsible in ministering to herself ‘ . There are several factors normally present in forestalling backsliding for most dependences ( George, 2005 ) . The factors, which assistance in the bar of backsliding, are ritual dependence on a new love relationships, viing behavior, and deepened spiritualty ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Normally, two factors must be present for the bar of a backsliding to happen. The ground that the factors are effectual is that likely unlike many of the professional interventions, these factors do non work in the creative activity of decreased imbibing or impermanent abstention. They work to consequence the bar of backsliding ; and, hence, like the self-administered insulin in patients enduring diabetics, they should be used for a drawn-out continuance. This holds all to the construct of utilizing AA in the intervention other depending on the medical substances ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, merely like many personal trainers, facilitates motivation from without, hence, proposing that clients return once more to the same plan modus operandi. In AA, members are advised to happen a patron to see and telephone frequently. They are advised to ‘work the stairss ‘ and ever prosecute in the proviso of the service ( George, 2005 ) . Each of the activities is dedicated in supplying a day-to-day nonvoluntary reminder with everything hitting the head that intoxicant is an enemy, and ne'er will be a friend. The activities provide supervising from the external supervisors, or in the linguistic communication of AA ‘always maintaining the memory green ‘ . However, AA besides comprehends that compulsory supervising is tremendous and works best when it is by single pick. George ( 2005 ) adds to this fact by stating that people suffer under the rigorous regulations of a manager, but they ever evade prohibitions of which they do non O.K. ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Second, it is critical to happen a replacement dependence or comparatively known as a viing behavior for any sort of dependence ( AA Services, 2002 ) . One can non easy give up a wont particularly without holding another thing to make and hedge practising the same behaviour ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . For case, Antabuse, prescribed frequently because it makes the alcohol consumption sickening, fails largely to bring around the dependence because though it may be taking alcohol off, Antabuse has no replacing and finally the nut stops the medical specialty and it does non, hence, aid ( George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, viing dependences for case, dolophine hydroc hloride care in maltreatment of diacetylmorphine facilitate bar of backsliding because they offer a replacement ( a carrot or a stick ) . AA besides was initiated on the construct that, in contrast, imprisonment as a method of cut downing backsliding to heroin maltreatment has ne'er worked ( Richard, 2001 ) . This is because penalty entirely does non alter deep-rooted wonts. Alcoholics Anonymous acknowledges what all behaviourists know, and it understands what many parents and physicians forget that such dastardly wonts taking to dependences necessitate replacements ( George, 2005 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous on this note provides supervising every bit good as a gratifying agenda of service activities every bit good as societal penchants in the presence of now-healed alkies, peculiarly at times of high hazard given an illustration of vacations ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . On the same statement, AA operates on the thought that new love relationships are critical to full recovery. It seems critical for ex-addicts to bond with other individuals who they have ne'er met or hurt in the yesteryear and to who they do non hold deep emotionally dealingss or in debt ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, it is supportive of persons assisting them bond with other individuals who they can assist and have aid. Alcoholic Anonymous meetings comparatively are full of sober former pub-crawlers that the nuts befriend but individuals who one does non owe ( George, 2005 ) . On the same note, an AA patron, similar to a new partner, promotes the bar of a backsliding better than many other enduring members whom they torture for old ages. The common characteristic in recovery from any signifier of dependence is the find of spiritualty. This is intensely controversial and surges a het argument. Inspirational, selfless person, group rank every bit good as belief in a greater power than ‘me ‘ seem critical to recovery from all sorts of dependence. In the Religious Experience, William foremost articulated the relationship between a recovery from alcohol addiction and spiritual transitions. As Carl Jung directed the AA cofounder Bill Wilson: The cosmopolitan theoretical account that Frank describes in his plants, Healing and Persuasion, for effectual psychotherapeutics resembles religious mending closely ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In Frank ‘s theoretical account, the therapist should hold the ideal position ( for illustration a few old ages of abstention ) , be equipped with legion unambiguous conceptual theoretical accounts of the debatable issues ( for illustration, AA ‘s Big Book ) and must make in the patient remedy anticipation ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholics ‘ Anonymous assemblies, after all, are the topographic points across the Earth, which are populated dumbly by alkies with soberness ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Finally, Frank argues that in group therapy complete healing came from people caring for one another, non oneself. The Twelfth Step of AA delivers a message of mending. But there are other grounds that in the ideal dependences spiritualty is critical for bar of backsliding ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . First, there is a ample difference between a connexion of mending in religious communities and with a hierarchal clinical psychologist or spiritual leader ( George, 2005 ) . In autocratic faith every bit good as in medical specialty, the wise priest or physician asks the sinful, unenlightened patients or ill to wallow in dependence alleviating their past losingss and cholers. In contrast AA and other ideal democratic religious communities have a flat playing land. One of the Akron rummies in the early yearss, to whom Dr. Bob brought their message of retrieving from alcoholic, expressed the reciprocality good that people speaking to him wanted to assist him, and his pride prevented him from listening to them ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Second, spiritualty influences single behaviours, non through ground but by its emotion entreaty. Four central surveies have provided cogent evidence that, after control of variables like intoxicant ingestion prohibition, spiritual engagement when the younger coevals reduces coffin nail ingestion and intoxicant when at grownup coevals ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Religious prohibition of usage of intoxicant ( for case Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss in Islam in Saudi Arabia and Utah ) has been all along successful ( George, 2005 ) . In contrast, prohibition against intoxicant ingestion by the authorities has been less effectual ( for illustration, prohibition in America in the 1920s and in the 1990s in Soviet Union ) . Third, alkies and nuts unlike most evildoers are non raging ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Alcoholics have inflicted tremendous hurting frequently every bit good as hurt on others. Therefore, when sober, the nut may see guilt from the anguish, which they inflict on others ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Even though a hapless tranquillizer and an antidepressant, intoxicant are likely the most powerful solvent ideally for a guilty scruples, which modern pharmacological medicine has devised. Therefore, absolution from guilt arbitrated by a ‘power more than ourselves ‘ generates an option to alcohol going a critica l portion of the alky ‘s procedure in mending ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, spiritualty, for case human fond regard – both arbitrated by the temporal lobe and limbic circuitry may be a worthy replacing for drugs ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In other words, faith and spiritualty present a replacement to the high facilitated by drugs. Religion, Marx ‘s ‘the people ‘s opiate ‘ and Jung ‘s spiritus, perchance will be an indirect manner, which we have of actuating our limbic encephalon every bit good as its endorphins. However, efficaciousness of AA and information on the AA efficaciousness is difficult to acquire. First, as an establishment, AA is uninterested in the field of research ( Richard, 2001 ) . Second, because of unconscious competition and differences, medical research workers from several bookmans sometimes have difficult times in the appraisal of AA without prejudice ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Finally, in the procedure of their chronic upset, nuts and alkies come across many, diverse intercessions, at the same time. Therefore, unlike the instance with most drug tests, there is no absolute manner that one can carry on a controlled survey ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Until recent times, it was non clear whether AA attending resulted to abstinence or whether go toing AA was merely a manifestation of greater conformity with therapy or abstention. The overall grounds, however that AA works as a better ‘cure ‘ is converting ( George, 2005 ) . First, multiple surveies, which jointl y involved more persons, suggest that absolute and effective clinical results are correlated significantly with frequence of go toing AA, with holding a patron, with chairing meetings, and with battle in a Twelve-Step work. Second, for 35 old ages I have been Director of the Study of Adult Development. From consequences in a community survey, half of the sample abused intoxicant until they died or until present. There were few clear differences separating the work forces accomplishing stable abstention from the 1s who remained alkies in a chronic province ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Poor instruction, multi-problem, low IQ did non place the sample population that would neglect in accomplishing stable abstention. Nor did hazard factors copiousness for alcohol addiction, for case alcoholic heredity, young person hyperactivity and sociopathic behavior, endure in foretelling the chronic province ( George, 2005 ) . However, it was singular that the sample population in the satisfactory result groups indicated go toing at least 20 times as many meetings of AA as the work forces in the hapless result take parting groups ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Another multimillion-dollar survey, referred to as Project Match compared the diverse effects of interventions upon alcoholic patients geting at several decisions ( George, 2005 ) . Project Match indicated that in the event of the first twelvemonth AA as a intervention attack was every bit effectual as the professional options including motivational sweetening therapies and cognitive behavioural therapies. Surely, AA in some degrees was better than the cognitive, behavioural therapy. On the other manus, the Match followup besides indicated that in malice of the original intervention arm ( motivational, Twelve Steps or cognitive behavioral ) the more meetings held by AA and single attending, the better the result ( Richard, 2001 ) . However, there is a ‘scientific ‘ inquiry associating to AA efficaciousness. Even with cogent evidence that AA cures alcohol addiction, what is the degree of its safety? The inquiry aims at turn toing the AA side effects. Indeed, AA has its ideal disparagers and critics sing its operations. Designed to act upon the reptilian encephalon, the emotional linguistic communication and the rhetoric of the spiritualty of AA usher, journalists every bit good as other societal scientists fear that AA is a cult ( George, 2005 ) . Cults can take to development every bit good as instances of demagogy, and this is one large shooting used in knocking AA. They argue that faith can ensue in exclusion, war and dogmatism. Individual alkies who attend incompatible AA single groups or ally themselves with inopportune patrons sometimes are informants of horror narratives sing the family ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Many of the beliefs that members in AA express sing alcohol addiction, are similar t o the dogmas of any tradition non related to scientific discipline. For case, if work forces are followed for 40 old ages it is clear that alcohol addiction is non as usually expressed as a ‘progressive disease ‘ . Something reconstructing the safety of AA is that as an establishment, it is non a faith. The establishment has incorporated rules intentionally in an effort to avoid cultic maltreatment. Religions for case patriotism draw circles, which draw some, people out and, hence, non first-class when it comes to affairs of recovery. On the other manus, Alcoholics Anonymous draws circles, which draw others in and, hence a favourite. The AA religious foundation came from the rational experience of work forces who were profoundly leery of all faiths. These work forces, William with his Religious Experience Varieties, Carl Jung passing his prescription ideally known as ‘Spiritus contra spiritus ‘ and cofounder of AA, Dr. Robert Smith, of whom each pupils of what was mending between the prevailing faiths ( George, 2005 ) . This sort of spiritualty normally develops to love, humbleness, tolerance and awe toward the planetary existence. These are several qualities intensifying human relationships ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Surely, AA is non all about faith but more deep into other constructs. The Alcoholics Anonymous foreword categorically states: â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous is practically non a spiritual establishment. † The lone rank demand is a desire to abstain from imbibing. Alcoholics Anonymous, hence, passes the universality trial so critical in separating safe spiritualty and dividing it from dissentious faith, in the facet that spiritual strong belief does non hold the capacity to forestall rank to AA ( Richard, 2001 ) . Over the last two decennaries, AA rank increased to an estimated 10-fold in Hindu India, in Catholic Spain and in Buddhist Japan. Membership has besides been on the rise in unbelieving Russia exponentially ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Per capita, there are an estimated three times as legion AA groups in El Salvador and Costa Rica as in the America ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Today, at least one-third of members from AA are adult females and an estimated one-fourth are flatly less than 31 old ages old. Scholarly research fails in the designation of clear personality differences among the legion alkies who are non attenders of AA. Neither instruction nor societal category, neither mental wellness nor extraversion distinguishes the 1s utilizing AA from the 1 who do non ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The lone variable that systematically distinguishes AA members from nuts and alkies who attend professional intervention centres merely is that members of AA tend to hold had more alcohol addiction symptoms. It is of virtue noting, however, some of the peculiar ways that AA as an establishment has avoided to developing to a cult ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . First, from the beginning, AA has developed no clear differentiation between ‘the family of AA ‘ and the supreme God. There has been a tacit, if non explicit, permission ever of replacing the construct of God, with the single ‘home group ‘ . On the other manus, the AA spiritualty does non hold the capacity to vie with medical specialty ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholic Anonymous work published in books is clear that it is ‘absolutely incorrect striping any alky of medicine that are capable of relieving or commanding other disenabling emotional jobs, every bit good as a physical job ( AA Services, 2002 ) ‘ and that ‘no member of AA as an establishment, dramas physician ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) ‘ . Additionally, some worry that the establishment like cults, exerts control of the human hea d and removes freedom. Mark, a New York head-shrinker, defined cults as groups of personal appeal with ‘characteristics of a high societal coherence degree, a profoundly held belief system and a powerful influence on its single members ‘ behaviour ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . As Mark noted, this is true of AA as an alcoholic recovery establishment. Finally, another difference between all AA and cults is their governing construction. For cults, their features are by magnetic leaders holding infallible powers every bit good as an bossy construction of administration ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In AA ‘leaders ‘ trust is been held as retainers ; they ne'er govern ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . Most of the AA places of service are unpaid and legion occupations are rotated often so that the power consolidation ne'er occurs ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The AA organisational chart evolving is a pyramid on its caput. Responsibility places within AA are in definition, ‘service as holding no authorization ( Richard, 2001 ) ‘ and the procedures of AA statute law are democratic to a mistake. In AA, the amusive thing is that unlike in faiths and cults, they respect the minority sentiments ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A unfavorable judgment of cults, every bit good as AA, is that they hearten dependance. And so it is critical to distinguish the dependance that is AA engendered from the dependance that is cults engendered. Dependences in several countries weaken or strengthen the persons ( AA Services, 2002 ) . This is because a human being is weakened by dependance on debris nutrient, coffin nails, or slot machines. Finally, AA ‘s Twelve Traditions are a contemplation of the laminitis Bill Wilson ‘s 20-year cleft to encompass spiritualty protecting AA from developing into a cult ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, as the instance with the early Christian Church, strives to remain hapless successfully ad, hence, works out suitably ( George, 2005 ) . Decisions In general, the function of spiritualty in alcohol addiction recovery relates to the persons ‘ publicity of achieving a meaningful life. The attacks to recovery, for case usage of speculation, spiritual revivalism, and household therapy, represent the value of extract of the person and personal significance into the procedure of recovery. All the several attacks associate with the factors termed nonspecific frequently underlying the healing effects apparent across diverse psychotherapeutics schools. It is, nevertheless, arguable that religious influence is one of the major constructs on recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. It is a procedure affecting the 12 stairss as illustrated in this treatment. It is absolute that spiritualty is peculiarly a latent concept ; one inferred from legion constituent dimensions, for case societal psychological science, intervention result and neurophysiology research. Mechanisms that relate to its function in recovery publicity in AA are in treatmen t from diverse position and use to single otherwise. What is clear is that Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) being an old pattern has been first-class and successful and continues to keep land as an attack to cut down alcohol addiction.